Phosphorus stress strongly reduced plant physiological activity, but only temporarily, in a mesocosm experiment with <i>Zea mays</i> colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and one of the least available nutrients in soil. P limitation is often a major constraint for plant growth globally. Although P addition experiments have been carried out to study the long-term effects on yield, data on P addition effects on seasonal variation in leaf-level photosynthesis are scarce. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be of major importance for plant nutrient uptake, and AMF growth may be important for explaining temporal patterns in leaf physiology. In a nitrogen (N) and P fertilization experiment with Zea mays, we investigated the effect of P limitation on leaf pigments and leaf enzymes, how these relate to leaf-level photosynthesis, and how these relationships change during the growing season. A previous study on this experiment indicated that N availability was generally high, and as a consequence, N addition did not affect plant growth, and also the leaf measurements in the current study were unaffected by N addition. Contrary to N addition, P addition strongly influenced plant growth and leaf-level measurements. At low soil P availability, leaf-level photosynthetic and respiratory activity strongly decreased, and this was associated with reduced chlorophyll and photosynthetic enzymes. Contrary to the expected increase in P stress over time following gradual soil P depletion, plant P limitation decreased over time. For most leaf-level processes, pigments and enzymes under study, the fertilization effect had even disappeared 2 months after planting. Our results point towards a key role for the AMF symbiosis and consequent increase in P uptake in explaining the vanishing P stress.