In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties and Bioaccessibility after Oral Digestion of Chemically Characterized Extracts Obtained from <i>Cistus</i> × <i>incanus</i> L., <i>Scutellaria lateriflora</i> L., and Their Combination
Hammad Ullah,
Alessandro Di Minno,
Anna De Filippis,
Eduardo Sommella,
Daniele Giuseppe Buccato,
Lorenza Francesca De Lellis,
Hesham R. El-Seedi,
Shaden A. M. Khalifa,
Roberto Piccinocchi,
Massimiliano Galdiero,
Pietro Campiglia,
Maria Daglia
Affiliations
Hammad Ullah
Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy
Alessandro Di Minno
Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy
Anna De Filippis
Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy
Eduardo Sommella
Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Daniele Giuseppe Buccato
Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy
Lorenza Francesca De Lellis
Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy
Hesham R. El-Seedi
Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
Shaden A. M. Khalifa
Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
Roberto Piccinocchi
Level 1 Medical Director Anaesthesia and Resuscitation A. U. O. Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy
Massimiliano Galdiero
Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy
Pietro Campiglia
Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Maria Daglia
Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy
Periodontal diseases are oral inflammatory diseases ranging from gingivitis to chronic periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major pathogens responsible for severe and chronic periodontitis. Plant extracts with antimicrobial activity could be considered possible alternatives to chlorhexidine, an antiseptic substance used in oral hygiene thatcan cause bacteria resistance. Here, two commercial extracts obtained from Cistus × incanus L. and Scutellaria lateriflora L. were chemically characterized usingUltra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. The extracts were studied for their bioaccessibility after simulated in vitro oral digestion, their antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis, their protective effects against cellular invasion by P. gingivalis, and their antibiofilm activity. The extracts were found to contain very complex mixtures of polyphenols, which were quite stable after in vitro simulated oral digestion and demonstrated mild, dose-dependent inhibitory activity against P. gingivalis growth. This activity increased with the combination of the two extracts. Moreover, the combination of the extracts induced a reduction in P. gingivalis HaCaT invasiveness, and the reduction in biofilm came to around 80%. In conclusion, a combination of C. incanus and S. lateriflora showed promising effects useful in the treatment of gingivitis.
