Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Therapy Monitoring in Patients with Heart Failure. A Systematic Review
Aidonis Rammos,
Aris Bechlioulis,
Petros Kalogeras,
Evanthia E. Tripoliti,
Yorgos Goletsis,
Anna Kalivi,
Effrosyni Blathra,
Pietro Salvo,
M. Giovanna Trivella,
Tommaso Lomonaco,
Roger Fuoco,
Francesca Bellagambi,
Chris J. Watson,
Abdelhamid Errachid,
Dimitrios I. Fotiadis,
Lampros K. Michalis,
Katerina K. Naka
Affiliations
Aidonis Rammos
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
Aris Bechlioulis
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
Petros Kalogeras
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
Evanthia E. Tripoliti
Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Yorgos Goletsis
Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Anna Kalivi
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
Effrosyni Blathra
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
Pietro Salvo
Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, PI 56124 Pisa, Italy
M. Giovanna Trivella
Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, PI 56124 Pisa, Italy
Tommaso Lomonaco
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, PI 56124 Pisa, Italy
Roger Fuoco
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, PI 56124 Pisa, Italy
Francesca Bellagambi
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, PI 56124 Pisa, Italy
Chris J. Watson
UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, DUBLIN 4, Dublin, Ireland
Abdelhamid Errachid
Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA)—UMR 5280, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
Dimitrios I. Fotiadis
Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Lampros K. Michalis
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
Katerina K. Naka
Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina, GR 45500 Ioannina, Greece
The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on the potential value of saliva biomarkers in the diagnosis, management and prognosis of heart failure (HF). The correlation between saliva and plasma values of these biomarkers was also studied. PubMed was searched to collect relevant literature, i.e., case-control, cross-sectional studies that either compared the values of salivary biomarkers among healthy subjects and HF patients, or investigated their role in risk stratification and prognosis in HF patients. No randomized control trials were included. The search ended on 31st of December 2020. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. 18 salivary biomarkers were analyzed and the levels of all biomarkers studied were found to be higher in HF patients compared to controls, except for amylase, sodium, and chloride that had smaller saliva concentrations in HF patients. Natriuretic peptides are the most commonly used plasma biomarkers in the management of HF. Their saliva levels show promising results, although the correlation of saliva to plasma values is weakened in higher plasma values. In most of the publications, differences in biomarker levels between HF patients and controls were found to be statistically significant. Due to the small number of patients included, larger studies need to be conducted in order to facilitate the use of saliva biomarkers in clinical practice.
