Risk factors and comorbidities associated with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia

Abstract

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is the most common form of scarring alopecia that most often affects Black women. The disease typically begins with hair loss in the center scalp, which progresses in a centripetal fashion. Both environmental insult and genetics have been implicated in CCCA etiology, although the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. Nevertheless, it is important that providers feel comfortable educating their patients on risk factors (RFs) for the development or worsening of CCCA, and potential comorbidities associated with the condition. Thus, the goal of this review was to summarize these factors. A comprehensive literature search was performed, and studies were included if they reported research on RFs for or comorbidities associated with, CCCA. A total of 15 studies were included: n = 5 researching RFs for CCCA and n = 10 researching comorbidities associated with CCCA. There was an association suggesting an increased risk of CCCA with traction hairstyles in n = 2/3 studies, previous pregnancies in n = 1/1 studies, and use of chemical hair relaxers in n = 1/3 studies. Additionally, age and total years of hair loss were associated with increased CCCA severity in n = 2/2 studies. Type 2 diabetes was positively associated with CCCA in n = 3/5 studies, uterine leiomyomas in n = 1/2 studies, hyperlipidemia in n = 1/2 studies, and vitamin D deficiency in n = 1/1 studies. Conflicting results regarding RFs and comorbidities associated with CCCA exist within the literature. Thus, further investigation in larger cohorts must be done, and future research into genes implicated in CCCA and their potential role in the development of other diseases is recommended.