Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (<i>Chrysobalanus icaco</i> L.) in Murine Models
Abel Arce-Ortiz,
Cristian Jiménez-Martínez,
Gabriel Alfonso Gutiérrez-Rebolledo,
Luis Jorge Corzo-Ríos,
Zendy Evelyn Olivo-Vidal,
Rosalva Mora-Escobedo,
Yair Cruz-Narváez,
Xariss M. Sánchez-Chino
Affiliations
Abel Arce-Ortiz
Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Federal Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ra. Guineo Segunda Sección, C.P., Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
Cristian Jiménez-Martínez
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
Gabriel Alfonso Gutiérrez-Rebolledo
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
Luis Jorge Corzo-Ríos
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto, La Laguna Ticomán, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
Zendy Evelyn Olivo-Vidal
Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Federal Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ra. Guineo Segunda Sección, C.P., Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
Rosalva Mora-Escobedo
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
Yair Cruz-Narváez
Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Lindavista, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
Xariss M. Sánchez-Chino
Catedra-CONAHCYT, Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-Villahermosa, Carretera Federal Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ra. Guineo Segunda Sección, C.P., Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
Chysobalanus icaco L. (C. icaco) is a plant that is native to tropical America and Africa. It is also found in the southeast region of Mexico, where it is used as food and to treat certain diseases. This study aimed to carry out a phytochemical analysis of an aqueous extract of C. icaco seed (AECS), including its total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannins (CT). It also aimed to examine the antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential of the AECS in vitro, as well as its toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in mice. Antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential was examined by inhibiting DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The acute toxicity test involved a single administration of different doses of the AECS (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg body weight). Finally, a single administration at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of the AECS was used in the carrageenan-induced model of subplantar acute edema. The results showed that the AECS contained 124.14 ± 0.32 mg GAE, 1.65 ± 0.02 mg EQ, and 0.910 ± 0.01 mg of catechin equivalents/g dried extract (mg EC/g de extract) for TPC, TFC and CT, respectively. In the antioxidant potential assays, the values of the median inhibition concentration (IC50) of the AECS were determined with DPPH (0.050 mg/mL), ABTS (0.074 mg/mL), and FRAP (0.49 mg/mL). Acute toxicity testing of the AECS revealed no lethality, with a median lethal dose (LD50) value of >2 g/kg by the intragastric route. Finally, for inhibition of acute edema, the AECS decreased inflammation by 55%, similar to indomethacin (59%, p > 0.05). These results demonstrated that C. icaco seed could be considered a source of bioactive molecules for therapeutic purposes due to its antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity derived from TPC, with no lethal effect from a single intragastric administration in mice.
