Comprehensive spatiotemporal evaluation of urban growth, surface urban heat island, and urban thermal conditions on Java island of Indonesia and implications for urban planning
Faiz Rohman Fajary,
Han Soo Lee,
Tetsu Kubota,
Vinayak Bhanage,
Radyan Putra Pradana,
Hideyo Nimiya,
I Dewa Gede Arya Putra
Affiliations
Faiz Rohman Fajary
Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan; Atmospheric Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia; Corresponding author. Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan
Han Soo Lee
Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan; Corresponding author. Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan
Tetsu Kubota
Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan
Vinayak Bhanage
Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan
Radyan Putra Pradana
Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Research and Development, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jl. Angkasa 1 No. 2, Kec. Kemayoran, 10610, Jakarta, Indonesia
Hideyo Nimiya
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
I Dewa Gede Arya Putra
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan; Center for Research and Development, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jl. Angkasa 1 No. 2, Kec. Kemayoran, 10610, Jakarta, Indonesia
Urban heat island (UHI) and thermal comfort conditions are among the impacts of urbanization, which have been extensively studied in most cities around the world. However, the comprehensive studies in Indonesia in the context of urbanization is still lacking. This study aimed to classify land use and land cover (LULC) and analyse urban growth and its effects on surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) and urban thermal conditions as well as contributing factors to SUHI intensity (SUHII) using remote sensing in the western part of Java Island and three focused urban areas: the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA), the Bandung and Cimahi Municipalities (BC), and the Sukabumi Municipality (SKB). Landsat imagery from three years was used: 2000, 2009, and 2019. Three types of daytime SUHII were quantified, namely the SUHII of urban central area and two SUHIIs of urban sprawl area. In the last two decades, urban areas have grown by more than twice in JMA and SKB and nearly 1.5 times in BC. Along with the growth of the three cities, the SUHII in the urban central area has almost reached a magnitude of 6 °C in the last decade. Rates of land surface temperature change of the unchanged urban pixels have magnitudes of 0.25, 0.15, and 0.14 °C/year in JMA, SKB, and BC, respectively. The urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI) and discomfort index (DI) showed that the strongest SUHI effect was most prevalent in urban pixels and the regions were mostly in the very hot and hot categories. Anthropogenic heat flux and urban ratio have positive contributions to SUHII variation, while vegetation and water ratios are negative contributors to SUHII variation. For each city, the contributing factors have a unique magnitude that can be used to evaluate SUHII mitigation options.
