Magnetic Core Nanoparticles Coated by Titania and Alumina for Water and Wastewater Remediation from Metal Contaminants

Abstract

Nanomaterials have been widely used for remediation of contaminated streams. However, using nanomaterials within water and wastewater might be dangerous since fate and health impact of nanoparticles is still unknown. Therefore, it is mandatory to avoid contamination by removing all the nanoparticles from the treated stream. This can be performed by immobilizing the nanoparticles on supports, although this approach leads to lower efficiency values. Another possibility is to use suspended nanoparticles: in this case, efficiency of the treatment process is enhanced. If nanomaterials have a magnetic core-shell, then suspended nanoparticles can be removed in a safe and easy was by using magnetic traps. In the present study, new nanomaterials based on magnetic core-shell structure were developed: the magnetic core guarantees a complete removal from the treated water and wastewater streams, whereas the shell (coating) is functionalized to eliminate specific classes of pollutants. A first experimental step allowed to produce the magnetic nanoparticles and perform a coating with SiO2 in order to electrically isolate the core from the ambient and to avoid degradation. This procedure is well established and the production of SiO2 coated magnetic nanoparticles are nowadays a validated procedure by using a spinning disk reactor. In a successive step, the silica shell magnetic cores were coated by titania and/or activated alumina particles with the aim of removing metals by adsorption. In the present study, the arsenic adsorption capacity of silica shell magnetic cores nanoparticles coated by titania and/or activated was investigated through kinetic experiments. All the tested adsorbents performed very well showing very rapid rates of the adsorption process. Among them, the best performing media were found to be those with titania coating. The best fitting kinetic model was found to be the pseudo-second order one for all of the adsorbents.