Morphological Analysis of Size and Shape (MASS): An integrative software program for morphometric analyses of leaves

Abstract

Premise Morphometric analysis is a common approach for comparing and categorizing botanical samples; however, completing a suite of analyses using existing tools may require a multi‐stage, multi‐program process. To facilitate streamlined analysis within a single program, Morphological Analysis of Size and Shape (MASS) for leaves was developed. Its utility is demonstrated using exemplar leaf samples from Acer saccharum, Malus domestica, and Lithospermum. Methods Exemplar samples were obtained from across a single tree (Acer saccharum), three trees in the same species (Malus domestica), and online, digitized herbarium specimens (Lithospermum). MASS was used to complete simple geometric measurements of samples, such as length and area, as well as geometric morphological analyses including elliptical Fourier and Procrustes analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) of data was also completed within the same program. Results MASS is capable of making desired measurements and analyzing traditional morphometric data as well as landmark and outline data. Discussion Using MASS, differences were observed among leaves of the three studied taxa, but only in Malus domestica were differences statistically significant or correlated with other morphological features. In the future, MASS could be applied for analysis of other two‐dimensional organs and structures. MASS is available for download at https://github.com/gillianlynnryan/MASS.

Keywords

• landmark analysis
• leaves
• morphometrics
• outline analysis