“Barriers and Advantages of Self-Sampling Tests, for HPV Diagnosis: A Qualitative Field Experience Before Implementation in a Rural Community in Ecuador”

Abstract

Bernardo Vega-Crespo,1 Vivian Alejandra Neira,2,3 Ruth Maldonado - Rengel,4 Diana López,3 Dayanara Delgado-López,1 Gabriela Guerra Astudillo,1 Veronique Verhoeven5 1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; 2Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; 3Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador; 4Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador; 5Family Medicine and Population Health, Antwerp University, Antwerp, BelgiumCorrespondence: Bernardo Vega-Crespo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, 12 of April Avenue and Loja Avenue, Cuenca, 010203, Ecuador, Tel [phone], Email [email protected]: Cervical cancer screening has demonstrated high efficacy in reducing cervical cancer mortality worldwide. However, clinician sampling is often perceived as an uncomfortable procedure that could reduce screening uptake. Self-sampling methods for HPV diagnosis have shown high sensitivity, which could increase acceptance and screening rates among women.Purpose: This study aims to identify the perceived barriers and advantages of self-sampling methods versus clinician sampling for cervical cancer screening in a rural setting in Ecuador.Patients and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted. Seven focus group discussions took place in the rural Parish of El Valle in Azuay Province, Cuenca, Ecuador. Women native to this rural area were included in the study. FGDs were recorded and transcribed, and content analysis was performed to categorize and analyze the data.Results: A total of 45 women participated in the study. Clinician sampling was perceived as a painful and intrusive method. However, participants believed that it is more reliable compared to self-sampling methods, attributing this to the direct visualization of the cervix, which facilitates the detection of cervical pathologies. The perceived advantages of self-sampling included increased comfort, pain reduction, time savings, the ability to perform the test at home, and the potential for widespread availability through pharmacies or local traditional healers. Nevertheless, doubts about the test’s reliability as well as the user’s proficiency in self-testing posed barriers to the adoption of this technique.Conclusion: Self-sampling methods offer several advantages over clinician sampling, such as enhanced privacy, comfort, and accessibility to cancer screening. Barriers primarily revolved around users’ proficiency in performing the test and the reliability of the results. Providing training for using self-sampling tests could address these barriers.Keywords: cervical cancer, self-sampling, acceptance, barriers and facilitators

Keywords

• cervical cancer
• self-sampling
• acceptance
• barriers and facilitators