Field Experience for Determination of Formaldehyde in Stack Emissions

Abstract

Formaldehyde (H−CHO) is a chemical compound extremely common in many industrial productions. However, in 2004, it was reclassified as carcinogenic (H350) and mutagenic (H341). Therefore, stringent limitations on emissions were implemented; among them, the lowest limit (3 mg/m3) was adopted by some Italian Local Competent Authorities. Up to now, no European-validated method for emission control was available, and for this reason, a specific working group (WG 40) has been created in the framework of the European Committee for Standardization Technical Committees 264 (CEN TC 264) to publish a qualified method for the quantification of Formaldehyde emissions from stationary sources (i.e., power stations, incinerators, petrochemicals, and industrial plants that uses combustion for their energetic purposes). Some preliminary trial tests were conducted to evaluate (1) the sampling protocol, and (2) the analytical technique. From a measurement perspective, two methods were selected: EPA 323—VDI 3862-6 and VDI 3862-2. Every new method prepared by CEN shall be verified before publication in the field and in real conditions to verify its metrological properties (i.e., precision, biases, reproducibility, and repeatability), costs and the training needs for involved personnel. With this aim, two measuring campaigns were conducted, and some important conclusions emerged concerning the H−CHO sampling procedure. Due to high water levels normally present, condensation during sampling is critical and can cause unpredictable errors; wet traps (impingers) give good responses. The sampling in pure water appeared unstable, but using an H2SO4 solution solved this issue, thus being recommended.

Keywords

• formaldehyde
• emission
• analytical protocol
• sampling
• biogas