One-Pot Synthesized Pd@N-Doped Graphene: An Efficient Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG)-palladium (Pd)-based nanocatalysts (NDG@Pd) can be potentially applied as an efficient catalyst for the preparation of biaryls in a Suzuki−Miyaura coupling reaction. Herein, we report the one-pot facile synthesis of an NDG@Pd nanocatalyst, wherein the nanocatalyst was prepared by the simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GRO) and PdCl2 in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent, while ammonium hydroxide was used as a source of “N’’ on the surface of graphene. The as-synthesized NDG@Pd nanocatalyst, consisting of smaller-sized, spherical-shaped palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) on the surface of NDG, was characterized by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET). The nanocatalyst displayed outstanding catalytic activity in the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of phenyl halides with phenyl boronic acids under facile conditions in water. The catalytic activity of NDG@Pd was found to be a more efficient catalyst when compared to pristine highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG) based Pd nanocatalyst (HRG@Pd). Furthermore, the reusability of the catalyst was also tested by repeatedly performing the same reaction using the recovered catalyst. The N-doped catalyst displayed excellent reusability even after several reactions.

Keywords

• palladium nanoparticles
• N-doped graphene
• nanocatalyst
• Suzuki–Miyaura coupling
• catalytic activity