Application of TD-DFT Theory to Studying Porphyrinoid-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: A Review

Abstract

An important focus for innovation in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is theoretical investigations. They employ mostly methods based on Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) to study the photochemical properties of photosensitizers. In the current article we review the existing state-of-the-art TD-DFT methods (and beyond) which are employed to study the properties of porphyrinoid-based systems. The review is organized in such a way that each paragraph is devoted to a separate aspect of the PDT mechanism, e.g., correct prediction of the absorption spectra, determination of the singlet–triplet intersystem crossing, and interaction with molecular oxygen. Aspects of the calculation schemes are discussed, such as the choice of the most suitable functional and inclusion of a solvent. Finally, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methods used to explore the photochemistry of porphyrinoid-based systems are discussed.

Keywords

• porphyrinoids
• photodynamic therapy (PDT)
• time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT)