Potential importance of residual confounding in systematic reviews of observational studies: Answer to Mathur and VanderTweele

• Jos H. Verbeek,
• Paul Whaley,
• Rebecca L. Morgan,
• Kyla W. Taylor,
• Andrew A. Rooney,
• Lukas Schwingshackl,
• Jan L. Hoving,
• S. Vittal Katikireddi,
• Beverley Shea,
• Reem A. Mustafa,
• M.Hassan Murad,
• Holger J. Schünemann

Affiliations

Jos H. Verbeek

Cochrane Work, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Corresponding author.

Paul Whaley

Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK

Rebecca L. Morgan

McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Kyla W. Taylor

National Institute of Environment Health Science, United States

Andrew A. Rooney

National Institute of Environment Health Science, United States

Lukas Schwingshackl

Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Jan L. Hoving

Cochrane Work, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands

S. Vittal Katikireddi

University of Glasgow, UK

Beverley Shea

University of Ottawa, Canada

Reem A. Mustafa

University of Kansas Medical Center, United States

M.Hassan Murad

Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States

Holger J. Schünemann

McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada