Stanford type IV venous collateral blood flow following complete chronic occlusion of the superior vena cava in a patient with lung cancer

Abstract

In superior vena cava occlusion, multiple collateral pathways develop to maintain venous drainage. Major patterns and pathways of venous collateral blood flow are well described, but rarely in complete chronic superior vena cava occlusion secondary to malignancy. A 59-year-old man with facial and upper extremity edema had a severely compressed superior vena cava at the initial diagnosis of stage IV mediastinal lung adenocarcinoma. The occlusion of superior vena cava progressed. After 10 months of treatment, the complete occlusion led to mild symptoms of hoarseness, muscle weakness, cough, and slight upper extremity edema. Venography clearly illustrated well-developed venous collateral blood flow through lateral thoracic, azygos-hemiazygos, and vertebral collateral venous pathways classified as Stanford type IV. The patient survived for a total of 20 months. He maintained Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1-2 until 2 months before death without severe symptoms of superior vena cava occlusion. This case described a rarely occurring venographic demonstration of well-developed Stanford type IV collateral pathway. Moreover, even with complete superior vena cava occlusion, well-developed Stanford type IV lateral thoracic collateral pathway can compensate for the venous flow without deterioration of performance status for a long period in certain cases. Keywords: Collateral, Complete occlusion, Lateral thoracic pathway, Lung cancer, Stanford type IV, Superior vena cava syndrome