Super‐Resolution of Histopathological Frozen Sections via Deep Learning Preserving Tissue Structure

Abstract

Histopathology plays a pivotal role in medical diagnostics. In contrast to preparing permanent sections for histopathology, a time‐consuming process, preparing frozen sections is significantly faster and can be performed during surgery, where the sample scanning time should be optimized. Super‐resolution techniques allow imaging of histopathalogical samples in lower magnification, thus sparing scanning time. Herein, a new approach is presented to super‐resolution of histopathological frozen sections, with focus on achieving better distortion measures, rather than pursuing photorealistic images that may compromise critical diagnostic information. Our deep‐learning architecture focuses on learning the error between interpolated images and real images; thereby generating high‐resolution images while preserving critical image details, which reduces the risk of diagnostic misinterpretation. This is done by leveraging the loss functions in the frequency domain and assigning higher weights to the reconstruction of complex, high‐frequency components. In comparison with existing methods, significant improvements are obtained in terms of distortion metrics, improving the pathologist's clinical decisions. This approach has a great potential to provide faster frozen‐section imaging, with less scanning, speeding up intraoperative decisions, while preserving the high‐resolution details in the imaged sample.

Keywords

• attention U‐net
• deep learning
• frequency loss
• frozen sections
• histopathology
• super‐resolution