Renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, tidal, and ocean waves have increasingly penetrated the global production of energy. Energy Internet has been widely regarded as one of the promising solutions for the serious energy crisis and environmental pollution problem. Unlike the conventional centralized power generation structure, energy Internet widely utilizes different types of distributed generations (DGs), which are located closer to the user and generate electric power within distributed networks. Modular energy storage devices (ESDs) such as batteries for electric vehicles can effectively complement the function of DGs through bidirectional plug-and-play power interfaces. Thus, energy Internet has the ability to minimize power loss, enhance power quality, and improve system reliability.
