SnO<sub>2</sub>/UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>/UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Efficiency for the Degradation of Reactive Yellow 160A: By-Product Distribution, Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity Evaluation
Tasneem Kousar,
Tanveer Hussain Bokhari,
Awais Altaf,
Atta ul Haq,
Majid Muneer,
Lamia Ben Farhat,
Norah Alwadai,
Nada Alfryyan,
Muhammad Idrees Jilani,
Munawar Iqbal,
Muhammad I. Khan,
Muhammad Kaleem Khosa
Affiliations
Tasneem Kousar
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Tanveer Hussain Bokhari
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Awais Altaf
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
Atta ul Haq
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Majid Muneer
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Lamia Ben Farhat
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
Norah Alwadai
Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
Nada Alfryyan
Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Idrees Jilani
Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
Munawar Iqbal
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
Muhammad I. Khan
Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
Muhammad Kaleem Khosa
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as a promising approach for the removal of organic dyes from effluents. Different AOPs were employed for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 160A (RY-160A) dye, i.e., SnO2/UV/H2O2 and TiO2/UV/H2O2. In the case of UV treatment, maximum degradation of 28% was observed, while UV/H2O2 furnished 77.78% degradation, and UV/H2O2/TiO2 degraded the RY-160A dye up to 90.40% (RY-160A 30 mg/L, 0.8 mL of H2O2). The dye degradation was 82.66% in the case of UV/H2O2/SnO2 at pH 3. FTIR and LC-MS analyses were performed in order to monitor the degradation by-products. The cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of RY-160A dye were evaluated by hemolytic and Ames (TA98 and TA100 strains) assays. It was observed that the RY-160A dye solution was toxic before treatment, and toxicity was reduced significantly after treatment. Results indicated that UV/H2O2/TiO2 is more efficient at degrading RY-160A versus other AOPs, which have potential application for the remediation of dyes in textile effluents.
