Ritonavir associated maculopathy– multimodal imaging and electrophysiology findings

Abstract

Purpose: To report the case 47-year-old patient presenting with severe maculopathy associated with long-term ritonavir treatment. Methods: Observational case report of one patient and literature review. Results: A 47 year-old Caucasian man presented with progressive bilateral vision loss for the past 5 years. His medical history included Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) coinfection since 1992. He was treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy for 24 years including 4 years of didanosine treatment and 18 years of ritonavir treatment. Bilateral extensive macular atrophy with foveal sparing on the left eye and absence of midperipheral/peripheral retina involvement was confirmed on multimodal imaging and functional testing including swept-source OCT angiography and electroretinography. Conclusion: Ritonavir associated maculopathy is a scarcely described medication-associated retinopathy. In this case, an extensive macular atrophy (with complete loss of photoreceptor, RPE and choriocapillaris layers) and subsequent cone-rod dysfunction appeared after 18 years of ritonavir exposure.

Keywords

• Maculopathy
• HIV
• Antiretroviral medication
• Ritonavir
• Multimodal imaging