Determinants of HIV-1 Late Presentation in Patients Followed in Europe
Mafalda N. S. Miranda,
Marta Pingarilho,
Victor Pimentel,
Maria do Rosário O. Martins,
Anne-Mieke Vandamme,
Marina Bobkova,
Michael Böhm,
Carole Seguin-Devaux,
Roger Paredes,
Rafael Rubio,
Maurizio Zazzi,
Francesca Incardona,
Ana Abecasis
Affiliations
Mafalda N. S. Miranda
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon (IHMT/UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
Marta Pingarilho
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon (IHMT/UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
Victor Pimentel
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon (IHMT/UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
Maria do Rosário O. Martins
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon (IHMT/UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
Anne-Mieke Vandamme
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon (IHMT/UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
Marina Bobkova
Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of General Virology, Gamaleya Scientific Research Institute, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Michael Böhm
Department of Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany
Carole Seguin-Devaux
Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Roger Paredes
Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
Rafael Rubio
Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28026 Madrid, Spain
Maurizio Zazzi
Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
Francesca Incardona
IPRO—InformaPRO S.r.l., 98, 00152 Rome, Italy
Ana Abecasis
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon (IHMT/UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
To control the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) set the 90-90-90 target to be reached by 2020. One major threat to those goals is late presentation, which is defined as an individual presenting a TCD4+ count lower than 350 cells/mm3 or an AIDS-defining event. The present study aims to identify determinants of late presentation in Europe based on the EuResist database with HIV-1 infected patients followed-up between 1981 and 2019. Our study includes clinical and socio-demographic information from 89851 HIV-1 infected patients. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio and SPSS and a Bayesian network was constructed with the WEKA software to analyze the association between all variables. Among 89,851 HIV-1 infected patients included in the analysis, the median age was 33 (IQR: 27.0–41.0) years and 74.4% were males. Of those, 28,889 patients (50.4%) were late presenters. Older patients (>56), heterosexuals, patients originated from Africa and patients presenting with log VL >4.1 had a higher probability of being late presenters (p < 0.001). Bayesian networks indicated VL, mode of transmission, age and recentness of infection as variables that were directly associated with LP. This study highlights the major determinants associated with late presentation in Europe. This study helps to direct prevention measures for this population.
