Development of 3D Printable Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds with Cockle Shell Powders
Eunbee Cho,
Jae Eun Kim,
Juo Lee,
Sangbae Park,
Sungmin Lee,
Jong Hoon Chung,
Jungsil Kim,
Hoon Seonwoo
Affiliations
Eunbee Cho
Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
Jae Eun Kim
CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
Juo Lee
Department of Animal Science & Technology, College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
Sangbae Park
Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
Sungmin Lee
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
Jong Hoon Chung
ELBIO Inc., Seoul 08812, Republic of Korea
Jungsil Kim
Department of Bio-Industrial Machinery Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
Hoon Seonwoo
Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
Three-dimensional (3D) printed calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds are increasingly being used for bone tissue repair. Traditional materials used for CPC scaffolds, such as bovine and porcine bone, generally contain low amounts of calcium phosphate compounds, resulting in reduced production rates of CPC scaffolds. On the other hand, cockle shells contain more than 99% CaCO3 in the form of amorphous aragonite with excellent biocompatibility, which is expected to increase the CPC production rate. In this study, 3D-printed cockle shell powder-based CPC (CSP-CPC) scaffolds were developed by the material extrusion method. Lactic acid and hyaluronic acid were used to promote the printability. The characterization of CSP-CPC scaffolds was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, and scanning electron microscopy. The biocompatibility of CSP-CPC scaffolds was evaluated using cell viability, Live/Dead, and alkaline phosphatase assays. In addition, CSP-CPC scaffolds were implanted into the mouse calvarial defect model to confirm bone regeneration. This study provides an opportunity to create high value added in fishing villages by recycling natural products from marine waste.