Frontiers in Immunology (Aug 2023)

Multi-omics in HIV: searching insights to understand immunological non-response in PLHIV

  • Sonia Espineira,
  • Sonia Espineira,
  • Sonia Espineira,
  • Marina Flores-Piñas,
  • Marina Flores-Piñas,
  • Silvia Chafino,
  • Silvia Chafino,
  • Consuelo Viladés,
  • Consuelo Viladés,
  • Consuelo Viladés,
  • Consuelo Viladés,
  • Eugenia Negredo,
  • Eugenia Negredo,
  • Eugenia Negredo,
  • Eugenia Negredo,
  • Salvador Fernández-Arroyo,
  • Josep Mallolas,
  • Josep Mallolas,
  • Beatriz Villar,
  • Beatriz Villar,
  • Beatriz Villar,
  • Santiago Moreno,
  • Santiago Moreno,
  • Santiago Moreno,
  • Francesc Vidal,
  • Francesc Vidal,
  • Francesc Vidal,
  • Francesc Vidal,
  • Anna Rull,
  • Anna Rull,
  • Anna Rull,
  • Anna Rull,
  • Joaquim Peraire,
  • Joaquim Peraire,
  • Joaquim Peraire,
  • Joaquim Peraire

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228795
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 14

Abstract

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of T-cell counts, and consequently, morbidity and mortality from HIV-related illnesses have been significantly reduced. However, in approximately 30% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ART, CD4+ T-cell counts fail to normalize despite ART and complete suppression of HIV viral load, resulting in severe immune dysfunction, which may represent an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events as well as increased mortality. These patients are referred to as “immune inadequate responders”, “immunodiscordant responders” or “immune nonresponders (INR)”. The molecular mechanisms underlying poor CD4+ T-cell recovery are still unclear. In this sense, the use of omics sciences has shed light on possible factors involved in the activity and metabolic dysregulation of immune cells during the failure of CD4+ T-cell recovery in INR. Moreover, identification of key molecules by omics approaches allows for the proposal of potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the quality of life of these patients. Hence, this review aimed to summarize the information obtained through different omics concerning the molecular factors and pathways associated with the INR phenotype to better understand the complexity of this immunological status in HIV infection.

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