Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnoses: A Comparison of Countries with Different Income Levels

Abstract

Marilia B Matos,1,2 Tiago S Bara,1,2 Mara L Cordeiro1– 3 1Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil; 2Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil; 3Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USACorrespondence: Mara L Cordeiro, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba, 80250-200, Brazil, Tel [phone], Fax [phone], Email [email protected]; [email protected]: This study aimed to assess whether high-income countries have a lower mean age at the time of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than low- and middle-income countries.Method: We reviewed studies related to ASD diagnoses and the time of first concerns in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, published in PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect. Thirty articles were included: 13 from low- and middle-income countries and 17 from high-income countries.Results: The average delay between initial concerns and diagnosis was 32.33 months, with initial concerns averaging 23.64 months and diagnosis at 55.97 months. No statistical differences were found between countries with low-, middle-, and high-income.Conclusions: This review found a considerable delay in ASD diagnosis despite an early presence of recognized signs and symptoms. It highlights the urgent need for standardized tools for early ASD diagnosis.Keywords: autism spectrum disorders, low-income countries, diagnosis, first signs

Keywords

• autism spectrum disorders
• low-income countries
• diagnosis
• first signs.