The Astronomical Journal (Jan 2024)
The TESS-Keck Survey. XVII. Precise Mass Measurements in a Young, High-multiplicity Transiting Planet System Using Radial Velocities and Transit Timing Variations
- Corey Beard,
- Paul Robertson,
- Fei Dai,
- Rae Holcomb,
- Jack Lubin,
- Joseph M. Akana Murphy,
- Natalie M. Batalha,
- Sarah Blunt,
- Ian Crossfield,
- Courtney Dressing,
- Benjamin Fulton,
- Andrew W. Howard,
- Dan Huber,
- Howard Isaacson,
- Stephen R. Kane,
- Grzegorz Nowak,
- Erik A Petigura,
- Arpita Roy,
- Ryan A. Rubenzahl,
- Lauren M. Weiss,
- Rafael Barrena,
- Aida Behmard,
- Casey L. Brinkman,
- Ilaria Carleo,
- Ashley Chontos,
- Paul A. Dalba,
- Tara Fetherolf,
- Steven Giacalone,
- Michelle L. Hill,
- Kiyoe Kawauchi,
- Judith Korth,
- Rafael Luque,
- Mason G. MacDougall,
- Andrew W. Mayo,
- Teo Močnik,
- Giuseppe Morello,
- Felipe Murgas,
- Jaume Orell-Miquel,
- Enric Palle,
- Alex S. Polanski,
- Malena Rice,
- Nicholas Scarsdale,
- Dakotah Tyler,
- Judah Van Zandt
Affiliations
- Corey Beard
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , CA 92697, USA ; [email protected]
- Paul Robertson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , CA 92697, USA ; [email protected]
- Fei Dai
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Rae Holcomb
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , CA 92697, USA ; [email protected]
- Jack Lubin
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , CA 92697, USA ; [email protected]
- Joseph M. Akana Murphy
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Natalie M. Batalha
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Sarah Blunt
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Ian Crossfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA
- Courtney Dressing
- ORCiD
- 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Benjamin Fulton
- ORCiD
- NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC , MC 314-6, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Andrew W. Howard
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Dan Huber
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
- Howard Isaacson
- ORCiD
- 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Stephen R. Kane
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Grzegorz Nowak
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Grudzia̧dzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Erik A Petigura
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Arpita Roy
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Ryan A. Rubenzahl
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Lauren M. Weiss
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Rafael Barrena
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Aida Behmard
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Casey L. Brinkman
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
- Ilaria Carleo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Ashley Chontos
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Paul A. Dalba
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; SETI Institute , Carl Sagan Center, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Tara Fetherolf
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Steven Giacalone
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Michelle L. Hill
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Kiyoe Kawauchi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Judith Korth
- ORCiD
- Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University , Box 43, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Rafael Luque
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Mason G. MacDougall
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Andrew W. Mayo
- ORCiD
- 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Teo Močnik
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Giuseppe Morello
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Felipe Murgas
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Jaume Orell-Miquel
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Enric Palle
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Alex S. Polanski
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Malena Rice
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Nicholas Scarsdale
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Dakotah Tyler
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Judah Van Zandt
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad1330
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 167,
no. 2
p. 70
Abstract
We present a radial velocity (RV) analysis of TOI-1136, a bright Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) system with six confirmed transiting planets, and a seventh single-transiting planet candidate. All planets in the system are amenable to transmission spectroscopy, making TOI-1136 one of the best targets for intra-system comparison of exoplanet atmospheres. TOI-1136 is young (∼700 Myr), and the system exhibits transit timing variations (TTVs). The youth of the system contributes to high stellar variability on the order of 50 m s ^−1 , much larger than the likely RV amplitude of any of the transiting exoplanets. Utilizing 359 High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and Automated Planet Finder RVs collected as part of the TESS-Keck Survey, and 51 High-Accuracy Radial velocity Planetary Searcher North RVs, we experiment with a joint TTV-RV fit. With seven possible transiting planets, TTVs, more than 400 RVs, and a stellar activity model, we posit that we may be presenting the most complex mass recovery of an exoplanet system in the literature to date. By combining TTVs and RVs, we minimized Gaussian process overfitting and retrieved new masses for this system: ( m _b−g = ${3.50}_{-0.7}^{+0.8}$ , ${6.32}_{-1.3}^{+1.1}$ , ${8.35}_{-1.6}^{+1.8}$ , ${6.07}_{-1.01}^{+1.09}$ , ${9.7}_{-3.7}^{+3.9}$ , ${5.6}_{-3.2}^{+4.1}$ M _⊕ ). We are unable to significantly detect the mass of the seventh planet candidate in the RVs, but we are able to loosely constrain a possible orbital period near 80 days. Future TESS observations might confirm the existence of a seventh planet in the system, better constrain the masses and orbital properties of the known exoplanets, and generally shine light on this scientifically interesting system.
Keywords
- Radial velocity
- Transit timing variation method
- Exoplanet atmospheres
- Exoplanets
- Bayesian statistics
- Transits
