گردشگری و اوقات فراغت (Jan 2024)
An Assessment of Urban Tourists’ Perceptions of the Objective Aesthetics of High-Rise Residential Towers’ Facades (Case Study: Tehran’s Region 22)
Abstract
Nowadays, many aesthetic concepts in the field of towers have been imposed on tourists through fashion, such as Roman, neoclassical, and... Instead of conveying meaning, these buildings have only become a means of consumption and repetition of fashion in the society. This reproduction of fashion without paying attention to the principles of European classical and neoclassical architecture and only taking its external elements such as columns, statues, etc., not according to the standards of this architecture, but sometimes accompanied by its change, and only the image of fashion architecture It has been shown. In addition, there is no provision for measuring the taste of urban tourists in this field. The purpose of writing this article is to compare the factors that play a role in tourists' perception of the objective aesthetics of high-rise residential towers. The type of research in this research is practical. The research method in this research is qualitative and based on descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. In order to collect data from semi-structured interviews and in the process of data analysis, Atlas software was used. The results of this realization consist of three parts. In the first part, there are components that have been mentioned by more people and also have more commonality among the towers, among which, as the component with the highest commonality and influence, the "component" A high variety of shapes can be seen. The second part of the conclusion is also related to the correlation of objective aesthetic components in the facade of the towers. 1. Introduction In all cities until the last decade, there are no guidelines for facade design, which makes every employer design with a different idea and follow this document in Tehran for every high-rise building with other towers on the facade. For example, the difference in the size of the openings, the difference in the use of decorations, the difference in the concept view, etc. It does not have a unified identity and harmony in the facade of the buildings. Mentioned buildings turn into fashion tools by losing meaning (Imani and Zafarmandi, 2014). In the last decade, in the municipality of big cities, it is done for general decisions for the purpose of control, and this itself has become the reason for the movement of views towards uniformity. Usually, architects follow the common styles to design the facade of high-rise towers for personalization on the body and environment. Like modern and minimalist style. Employers also have a mechanism in facade design to involve customers' opinions in facade design. Aesthetic response to the characteristics of an interwoven structure that includes perception, emotional reactions, cognitive and cognitive evaluations in the individual and clearly biological, personality, social and cultural experience, goals, expectations, associations, internal and environmental structures, in different people. , are different (Nasar & Hong, 1999). Environmental theory states that acquiring knowledge about the beauty of the environment is formed from it (Carlson, 2000). Considering these issues, in fact, it is a combination of the opinions of engineers and employers that is used in the design of the facade of high-rise residential towers. Since the perception of aesthetics is dependent on the perception of the tourist and the characteristics of the physical environment. Therefore, it is important to present a research in the field of aesthetic analysis of high-rise residential towers considering these two components. Are there features in the environment that appeal to everyone? It seems that the need for more transparency or reduction of uncertainty is included in this classification. Clarity has value in itself. The perceptual system contributes to greater clarity. He said that the main facades of residential apartments are the most important and the first factors that are recognized when facing these buildings, and the beauty of the main facade is not unaffected by the beauty of the urban environment (Pakzad, 2003). Contemporary researches have been conducted in the field of the effects of beauty on psychological function. More than two thousand years ago, Vitruvius was the first person who, in his treatise, paid attention to three important characteristics of architecture: "sustainability, functional architecture, beauty" (Pollio, 1914). In particular, one of the most important elements expected from a destination is the aesthetic experience. The aesthetic judgment of the destination has a positive and direct effect on three dimensions of tourists' behavioral decision-making (intention to revisit, recommend to others, and decision to pay more) (Gulertekin Genc & Temizkan, 2023). 2. Literature Review Hegel believed that Beauty is the expansion of the mind that gives a person the perception of a phenomenon, process or event (Pakzad, 2008). Alberti, the architect of the Renaissance era, considered beauty in architecture to be in proportion and unity between components (Lang & Grutter, 2017). The evidence of scientists' research shows that beauty as an effective factor in the continuation of the generation has been a criterion in selection, and in other words, beauty is considered equal to health and flawlessness, and with the passage of time, it has been effective in the formation of human psychological patterns. Thornhill, 2003). On a large scale, aesthetics is not only limited to the ideas of beauty, but also includes its types and even its opposite, i.e. ugliness (Kirillova, 2023). Beauty experience as a factor in decision making (Chatterjee & Vartanian, 2014). Beauty is not only limited to art; over time the field of aesthetics has expanded (Davies. et al, 2009). Apartments can be classified into two categories, the first category includes buildings below eight floors (mid-rise) and the second category includes buildings above eight floors (high-rise) (Crosbie & Chiara, 1995). Identity is one of our psychological needs and a prerequisite for any social life (Qasemi, 2017). In its progress, the aesthetic experience must pass through the sensory realm and enter the mental and semantic domain (Kholosi, Behzadfar and Mohammadi, 2013). The aesthetic experience of architecture is always a complex category and influenced by different factors, therefore knowing what and how this experience is as a qualitative necessity can influence the design process and principles of architecture (Mousaviyan, 2022). The way to evaluate one's feelings and emotions in an architectural space is the last factor affecting the aesthetic experience in an architectural space (Chatterjee and Vartanian, 2017). Today, what is taken from the word "Aesthetics" or its translation "Aesthetics" is based on the objective and subjective dimensions of beauty (Khakzand et al., 2013). The conducted researches based on Gestalt psychology, the theories presented in connection with the urban vision and landscape and the perspectives that analyze the city from a visual perspective deal with the role of multiple senses in the beauty of the environment (Lang, 2016). A wide range of articles and books that deal with the issue of environmental preferences; All of them are introduced as a part of the research related to aesthetics in urban planning; Nevertheless, it seems that these researches have examined a set of scattered and different topics, and how they are related to each other is not clear (Habibi and Vosughi, 2015). Form is one of the components of objective aesthetics. Form means regularity between parts (Arnheim, 2003), and Rumi also emphasizes the necessity of using specific criteria in aesthetic judgment and the necessity of its rational justification (Yousefian, 2009). Many designers tried to increase the beauty of urban landscapes based on these rules (Shahbazi, 2017). In general, objective aesthetics arises from the order of sensory materials and is more focused on the shapes, rhythms, complexities and visual compositions of the external environment. The main point of objective aesthetics is to pay attention to the visual structure of the environment (Lavie and Tractinsky, 2004). In the present research, the priorities of the components of objective aesthetics have been extracted from the consensus of 43 experts. In the following, the mentioned components are mentioned in full, then in Table 1, the priorities mentioned among the components are categorized. The components of objective aesthetics include: order, proportions, harmony, balance, unity, rhythm, continuity and continuity, porosity, decorative elements and details, color and materials, lines, style, form, light shade. As the main goal of this research, a comparative comparison of the objective aesthetic criteria of high-rise residential towers in Tehran with the perceptual experience approach of tourists is considered. Among the different forms of tourism, urban tourism is for visiting cities. The motivation of this type of tourism is visiting sightseeing, shopping, business or entertainment. Along with the development of tourism in urban areas, more support services such as restaurants and accommodation are built to meet the needs of tourists. This type of tourism is compared to rural tourism. In comparison, tourism facilities in this way are much more and increase the attraction of tourists. Among the different forms of tourism, urban tourism is for visiting cities. The motivation of this type of tourism is visiting sightseeing, shopping, business or entertainment. Along with the development of tourism in urban areas, more supporting services such as restaurants and accommodation are built to meet the needs of tourists, although urban tourists are not the only ones who use these facilities, and the people of the city also benefit from these infrastructures. This type of tourism is compared to rural tourism. In comparison, tourism facilities in this way are much more and increase the attraction of tourists. 3. Research question The main question of this research is what are the objective aesthetic criteria of the facade of high-rise residential towers in Tehran according to the user's perceptual experience? 4. Methodology The method of this research is qualitative and based on descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. In this research, the selection of the statistical population has been made in order to answer the questionnaire of the components of objective aesthetics, which includes questions extracted from the first priorities of objective aesthetics. The mentioned priorities are the result of examining the views of 43 experts in the field of aesthetics. The mentioned items can be seen in Table 1. In order to have comprehensiveness of the research and create validity, the statistical population is divided into two categories (statistical sample resulting from it): these categories include passers-by (urban tourists) on horseback and on foot. The number of interviewees in this research is 50 based on the statistical population of the research. In order to control the conditions and get reliable answers from the interviews, buildings with similar conditions have been selected. According to the purpose of the research, towers have been chosen as samples. The selected towers for this research are five residential towers in the height range of 20 to 22 floors, which have similar dimensions and heights. These towers are located in five different neighborhoods in the 22nd district of Tehran, and their characteristics and locations are specified in Table 2. In collecting information, description and interpretation of the existing conditions have been done in order to present a more complete and different definition of the subject in question. In this research, library sources and authoritative references, whose validity has been evaluated in advance, are used, and information about the way of human perception, unconsciousness, identity, types of design, objectivity, mental image and collective aesthetics is used. It is collected, then by comparing the views of experts on objective aesthetics, the most frequent and important cases are prioritized. Finally, the independent and dependent variables related to the specific purpose and the micro-factors related to the components are determined. The continuation of the research process has been done through inferential data in order to analyze and test people's perception. This is done through the mentioned objective aesthetic components questionnaire and semi-structured interview. After conducting the interviews, Atlas.ti software was used to compare the answers obtained from the interviews, coding and classifying them. First, the typed files of the answers of the interviewees are entered into the mentioned software, then the propositions (examples) related to the desired priorities in objective aesthetics are selected from among the answers, and from them the components of aesthetics from the point of view of the urban tourist. (sub-themes) are selected. Next, the frequency and sharing of the mentioned sub-themes in this software are compared and the desired criteria are weighted. The summary form and step by step of the above-mentioned methodological steps of the research can be examined in diagram 1. 5. Results Based on the results obtained from the previous chapters and the answers received from the interviewees; Materials were obtained that form the body of our research. The charts mentioned below; There are categories of visual and perceptual components of objective aesthetics and their sub-branches. In this section, we tried to refine the mentioned materials and summarize them in tables. Data analysis was done to extract sub-themes with Atlas.ti software and finally 61 sub-themes (Charts 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were extracted from the responses of the interviewees. The mentioned themes are subsets of the main themes of proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order. In each of the diagrams 2 to 6, the types of connection between the sub-themes (subsets) and with the main themes (head of the set) are shown. The type of communication between sub-themes is divided into opposite and non-communicating. Also, the form of communication between sub-themes (subsets) and the main themes (head of the set) is defined as "is part of". After extracting and categorizing the sub-themes of the research, we will compare their frequency (mentioned by people) in high and low frequency areas. First, this comparison is done among those sub-themes that are a subset of a common main theme, so that the correlation of those sub-themes is completed, then the comparison of the high and low areas of abundance in relation to all the sub-themes of the research is done at once. is done (diagrams 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). In the mentioned charts, a quantitative comparison of the frequency of each main theme's subgroups (proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order) has been done in the high and low frequency areas. In the analysis of the sub-themes, a component has been found that has a 100% share between the interviews of the towers and ranked first in terms of frequency. The sharing of components between the towers is the result of a series of common features in the facade of the towers. In the mentioned towers, the variety of shapes and forms in the facade was present both in the facade itself and compared to other towers around, they had different and more varied shapes and forms. The surrounding towers generally had simple and cubic shapes, and common and simple attachments were also available as facade elements in some of them. 6. Conclusion By analyzing the data obtained from the comparative comparison of the objective aesthetic components between the towers, it is understood that a series of components have the highest frequency (indicated by people) and they are also common among the interviews of all the towers, on this basis, counting them as the most effective The cases in the objective aesthetics of the facade of high-rise residential towers are justified from the perspective of the perceptual experience of urban tourists. A series of cases in the photo have the lowest amount of frequency and no commonality between the interviews of the towers, which the mentioned explanation justifies recognizing them as the least effective cases in the objective aesthetics of the facade of high-rise residential towers from the perspective of the tourist's perceptual experience. The "high shape diversity" component, based on research findings, has the highest frequency and commonality among towers; The most effective component of objective aesthetics from the point of view of tourists is the view of high-rise residential towers. Comparing the frequency of sub-themes in the subset of each main theme shows the correlations of those sub-themes, which was done by comparing the mentioned sub-themes between the five selected towers. Comparing all sub-themes of the research together also shows the correlation between the upper and lower areas of the sub-themes. In comparing the frequency of all research sub-themes with each other, "high diversity of shape" and "high diversity of line shape" have a direct correlation in high frequency, which is the reason for having the highest frequencies and commonalities between the towers. In the low area of abundance, the mentioned sub-themes have a direct correlation with each other and are actually the least influential components: "Small size of components", "Balance of warm and cold colors", "Dark color", "Fabulous color" , "precious material", "conventional shape", "absence of false skyline", "more empty space", "covering facilities", "linear layout", "different angles" and "greater distance between components" which is the main reason for having The lowest frequencies and commonalities are among the research towers. The mentioned sub-themes have an indirect correlation with each other as high and low frequency areas. The purpose of writing this article was to compare the factors affecting the objective aesthetic perception of tourists from the facade of high-rise residential towers; By comparing the frequency and relationship of research sub-themes with each other, the main question of the research about what these components are was answered. As mentioned in the introduction of the research; One of the most important demands of tourists about an environment is aesthetic experience. Also, according to theoretical foundations, aesthetic experience is known as a factor in decision making. This beauty is an expansion in the memory that is achieved by the perception of a phenomenon, process or event. The findings of the current research (sub-themes and their relationship and frequency) have been achieved in line with what and how to perceive objective aesthetics. In previous researches that share the same topic with the present research; The facades of residential buildings have been examined from the perspective of users' expectations, and the disturbances in these facades are due to the failure to meet these expectations. In this research, by achieving the effective factors on the objective aesthetic perception of tourists, the effective components and their relationships are identified in this field, which can create a way to implement and fulfill the expectations of tourists and users. In addition, in past researches, the theory Verbal communication has been proposed as a framework to identify factors affecting the aesthetic quality of the environment, the reason for which is the absence of a clear image of the dimensions of the aesthetic quality of a place or urban space in general. In the present research, by obtaining the components of objective aesthetics from the point of view of tourists, factors have been obtained that have created a framework for determining the dimensions of objective aesthetics from the point of view of tourists.
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