In a porcine model of implantable pacemakers for pediatric unilateral diaphragm paralysis, the phrenic nerve is the best target

Abstract

Abstract Background A frequent complication of Fontan operations is unilateral diaphragmatic paresis, which leads to hemodynamic deterioration of the Fontan circulation. A potential new therapeutic option is the unilateral diaphragmatic pacemaker. In this study, we investigated the most effective stimulation location for a potential fully implantable system in a porcine model. Methods Five pigs (20.8 ± 0.95 kg) underwent implantation of a customized cuff electrode placed around the right phrenic nerve. A bipolar myocardial pacing electrode was sutured adjacent to the motor point and peripherally at the costophrenic angle (peripheral diaphragmatic muscle). The electrodes were stimulated 30 times per minute with a pulse duration of 200 µs and a stimulation time of 300 ms. Current intensity was the only variable changed during the experiment. Results Effective stimulation occurred at 0.26 ± 0.024 mA at the phrenic nerve and 7 ± 1.22 mA at the motor point, a significant difference in amperage (p = 0.005). Even with a maximum stimulation of 10 mA at the peripheral diaphragm muscle, however, no effective stimulation was observed. Conclusion The phrenic nerve seems to be the best location for direct stimulation by a unilateral thoracic diaphragm pacemaker in terms of the required amperage level in a porcine model.

Keywords

• Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis
• Diaphragm pacemaker
• Fontan circulation
• Univentricular heart
• Stimulation