MOLECULAR GENETIC FACTORS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY

Abstract

Skeletal muscle mass is an important indicator of human health and physical performance. Representing about 50% of body weight, skeletal muscles play a key role not only in motor activity, but also in maintaining the body’s metabolic status. The muscle mass is an important factor as the physical human qualities that underlie its sporting achievements and health index, duration and quality of life. Although the role of heredity and genetic determination of muscle mass was proved several decades ago, modern scientific research has established a number of new genetic and epigenetic factors influencing the muscle mass and muscle hypertrophy.The purpose of the work is to discuss the molecular genetic factors of the development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The article describes the trends and challenges of modern research in the field of molecular genetics of muscle activity relating to genetic markers of skeletal muscle mass. The features of inheritance of muscle mass and mechanisms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy under the influence of physical loads are considered. It has been shown that hypertrophy of skeletal muscles, as a manifestation of their plasticity, depends on hereditary and enviromental factors. Both groups of factors are carried out their effect on the molecular genetic level. The role of structural proteins of myofibrils, myogenic regulatory factors on the properties and quantitative indicators of muscle mass such as total lean body mass, muscle cross-sectional area are analyzed. Molecular genetic markers associated with muscle mass indexes have been described. The list of molecular genetic markers associated with indicators of lean muscle mass and muscle hypertrophy includes genes polymorphisms of the sarcomers` structural proteins, myogenic regulatory factors, signaling pathways genes, genes of epigenetic factors. The article examines not only classical genetic markers, such as SNP and CNV. The effect of physical exercises on skeletal muscle and the development of hypertrophy are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms and the action of non-coding RNA (miRNA and lncRNA)

Keywords

• muscle hypertrophy
• skeletal muscle mass
• gene polymorphism
• total body lean mass
• appendicular lean mass
• molecular genetic markers