Cocrystal Formation through Solid-State Reaction between Ibuprofen and Nicotinamide Revealed Using THz and IR Spectroscopy with Multivariate Analysis

Abstract

Cocrystallisation can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs); this method may be applied to improve the availability of materials that were previously considered unsuitable. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy provides clear, substance-specific fingerprint spectra; the transparency of the THz wave allows us to probe inside a sample to identify medicinal materials. In this study, THz and infrared (IR) spectroscopy were used to characterise cocrystallisation in solid-phase reactions between ibuprofen and nicotinamide. Multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to both time-dependent THz and IR spectra to identify the intermolecular interactions between these cocrystallising species. The analytical results revealed cocrystal formation through a two-step reaction, in which the steps were dominated by thermal energy and water vapour, respectively. We infer that the presence of water molecules significantly lowered the activation energy of cocrystal formation.

Keywords

• cocrystal
• multivariate analysis
• terahertz spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy
• MCR-ALS