Fortification of bread with mango peel and pulp as a source of bioactive compounds: A comparison with plain bread

Abstract

In this study, fortified bread was prepared with the incorporation of mango peel powder (MPP), and mango pulp powder (MPuP). Different concentrations of MPP (2.5 %, 5.0 %, and 7.5 %) and MPuP (7.5 %) were added to improve the functional and bioactive properties of bread. Pieces of bread incorporated with MPP demonstrated a significant improvement in bioactive properties over control and MPuP-fortified bread, where total phenol content elevated from 5.08 ± 0.99 to 54.29 ± 2.34 mM GAE/100 g DM and total flavonoid content raised from 5.7 ± 0.45 to 50.72 ± 3.40 mM QE/100 g DM. The inclusion of MPP increased antioxidant activity, with a range of 0.585 ± 0.12 to 18.20 ± 0.87 mM TE/100 g DM in DPPH assay and 10.75 ± 0.98 to 30.24 ± 2.12 μM Fe (II) E/g DM in FRAP assay, at the highest (7.5 %) level of MPP incorporation. However, the specific volume and weight loss percentage of breads were decreased with the incorporation of MPP. The whiteness index (WI) dropped, and the brownness index (BI) improved with the degree of MPP integration. Bread volume and aroma drop considerably at the level of 7.5 % MPP incorporation, however, a slight mango flavor was noticed with the incorporation of 7.5 % MPuP in breads. Thus, 5 % MPP inclusion in wheat bread was deemed an optimum amount without compromising the sensory and physical characteristics along with national properties.

Keywords

• Antioxidants
• Bioactive compounds
• Bread
• Fruit by-products
• Fortification
• Mango peel