Improving ecological justice orientation through a typological approach to illegal mining in the criminal justice system

Abstract

AbstractThe existence of natural resources has a significant impact on state revenue, but it is also a criminogenic factor for crime. The exploration stage triggers violations not only of permits but also environmental damage due to the use of toxic substances, which occurs in two types of criminal acts. This research analyzes the typology of illegal mining crime and its enforcement model. Law No. 32/2009, Law No. 3/2020, as the primary legal source, with a case approach. This article argues that illegal typology is not only based on licensing but can be identified based on the mining area. Understanding the concept of illicit typology mining makes it easier for law enforcement officials to parse all elements of crime in a series of illegal mining. This article claims that illegal mining enforcement administrative prospects prioritize. The enforcement model changed based on the mining business area because this factor will distinguish the use of ecology as an element of applying criminal sanctions.

Keywords

• A typology of environmental crimes
• ecological justice
• illegal mining
• law enforcement
• the criminal justice system
• Philip N. Ndubueze, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria