Literary Arts (May 2016)
Lyric of Rhyme in Nizami’s Khosrow and Shirin
Abstract
 Abstract In pre-Islamic Persian syllabic poem, rhyme has not played an important role and, firstly, the science of rhyme has been collected for Arabic poem and then it has been developed in Persian language. Due to its special position in poem, rhyme is effective in rhythm of poem and selecting it can be phonetically and semantically effective in giving worth to poem. Always, poets and scholars of Persian language have recognized rhyme as an external force that help the poem and subject of rhyme, its range and relationship with the nature of poem have been highly considered as far as different forms of poem are differentiated from each other through the position that rhyme is used in them. Showing Nizami's art of using rhyme in composing Khosrow and Shirin poem and hidden values in it have been led to reveal the prominence of this work among the works of Nizami and even the works that have been composed in imitating it. To study poem rhyme, whether at the level of rhyme letters or rhyme words, can greatly explain the ability and the creative power of poet in the art of poem. However, this ability can be more obvious by studying other parts of rhythm i.e. external and internal rhythm. In poem of Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami, the speaker artistically uses this ability in poem and shows his uniqueness through rhyme lyric. Using long and verb rhymes and usefully well-known rhymes such as (an, ar, a, nad) and also using clear and fluent letters such as "R", "M", "N", "Sh" or vowels like "A" and "Ey" are rhythm lyrical factors of Nizami poetry in this poem. In Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami, rhyme is strong and it is rarely appeared in pun form and it is more in rhyming prose (Saj) (it must be noted that pun is more rhythmic than rhyming prose). Various rhymes are used in this poem and the main cause of this variety relates to its poetic form i.e. Masnavi and this increases the lyric of poem.  Skillfully using verbal and spiritual novel figures of speech such as symmetry, oxymoron, repetition, rhyming prose, and pun is one of the reasons that rhymes are important in Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami because rhyme will be included figurative, lyrical, and spiritual values or etc in this case. Some types of pun presented in this study consist of homophonic, compound, line, and additive puns. Sometimes, Nizami has created homeoptoton or parallelism by using rhyming prose. Nizami poem is strong and rich in terms of variety of repetition. Repetition in his poem language has increased the lyric of his poem whether in the phoneme level or word level. Repeating rhyme at the end of verse and using the word "Zooghafiatain" in the couplets and repeating the same words before rhymes at each word include the arts of Nizami to giving lyric to rhyme. After repetition, figures of speech such as symmetry and oxymoron are among the most important ones to increase the value of text words, especially, verse in Nizami poem. A large symmetry that is available in most couplets of Khosrow and Shirin and even the word rhyme that is a part of these symmetries show the pinnacle of Nizami's poetical art in arranging couplets. In addition, he delicately uses the words in a verse that include figures of speech like symmetry and oxymoron. In studying Radif in the couplets of Khosrow and Shirin, it is cleared whenever he wants to strengthen the emotional and poetic aspects, he uses couplets having Radif. 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