Human Oncogenic Epstein–Barr Virus in Water and Human Blood Infection of Communities in Phayao Province, Thailand

Sutida Pongpakdeesakul; Tipaya Ekalaksananan; Chamsai Pientong; Niti Iamchuen; Surachat Buddhisa; Khwanruedee Mahingsa; Arunee Pingyod; Wanwipa Sangsrijun; Supaporn Passorn; Peechanika Chopjitt; Sureewan Duangjit; Sureewan Bumrungthai

doi:10.3390/w15020323

Water (Jan 2023)

Human Oncogenic Epstein–Barr Virus in Water and Human Blood Infection of Communities in Phayao Province, Thailand

Sutida Pongpakdeesakul,
Tipaya Ekalaksananan,
Chamsai Pientong,
Niti Iamchuen,
Surachat Buddhisa,
Khwanruedee Mahingsa,
Arunee Pingyod,
Wanwipa Sangsrijun,
Supaporn Passorn,
Peechanika Chopjitt,
Sureewan Duangjit,
Sureewan Bumrungthai

Affiliations

Sutida Pongpakdeesakul: Division of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
Tipaya Ekalaksananan: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
Chamsai Pientong: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
Niti Iamchuen: School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
Surachat Buddhisa: Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
Khwanruedee Mahingsa: Thalassemia Unit, University of Phayao Hospital, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
Arunee Pingyod: Thalassemia Unit, University of Phayao Hospital, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
Wanwipa Sangsrijun: Thalassemia Unit, University of Phayao Hospital, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
Supaporn Passorn: Division of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
Peechanika Chopjitt: Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
Sureewan Duangjit: Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
Sureewan Bumrungthai: HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020323
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 15, no. 2
p. 323

Abstract

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Water can contain pathogenic viruses. Many studies on RNA virus sources have shown that water can transmit them. However, there are few reports on pathogenic DNA virus transmission through water, such as adenovirus, which pose a widespread public health risk. Therefore, this study aimed to show waterborne viral transmission by detecting viruses in pooled human whole blood samples, tap water, and natural water from Mueang District, Phayao Province, Thailand, using a metagenomic approach. Viral prevalence in whole blood samples was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and environmental factors that affect viral infection were assessed. Metagenomics results showed that Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) members were among the prominent cancer-associated oncogenic DNA viruses detected in human blood and all water types similar to the EBV reference sequence (NC_007605). There were 59 out of 813 (7.26%) human whole blood samples that were positive for EBV DNA based on PCR and qPCR for the EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 genes. Water- and blood-borne human oncogenic EBV should be a concern in tap water treatment and blood transfusion in patients, respectively. Therefore, the detection of EBV in water suggests that transmission via water is possible and should be investigated further.

Published in Water

ISSN: 2073-4441 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Technology: Hydraulic engineering; Technology: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering: Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/

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