Versatility of π-d Conjugated Coordination Nickel Metal-Organic Frameworks as Electrode Materials of Metal-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks have emerged as promising electrode materials for metal-ion batteries due to their superior structural customizability. However, they face challenges such as poor reversibility and easy degradation during electrochemical redox processes. Here, we report the synthesis of π-d conjugated coordination polymers through NH3-vapor-assisted self-polymerization of NiCl2·6H2O with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine tetrahydrochloride (namely, Ni-BTA). The synthesized Ni-BTA exhibits an open lattice structure that enhances the capacity for metal-ion diffusion, ensuring prolonged electrochemical cycling stability. Moreover, electrochemical characterizations reveal that Ni-BTA functions as a bifunctional material, serving as both cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). After 1,000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, the cathode and anode show high discharge capacities of 199.7 and 338.4 mAh g−1, respectively. Additionally, symmetrical all-organic batteries constructed with Ni-BTA exhibit a high specific capacity of 30.6 mAh g–1 and an ultrastable coulombic efficiency of approximately ≈100% after 6,000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, Ni-BTA exhibits versatility as a robust cathode for aluminum ion batteries (AIBs), delivering a discharge capacity of 18.7 mAh g−1 after 10,000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. These findings highlight the potential of Ni-BTA as a versatile and durable electrode materials for both LIBs and AIBs.