Potential Synergistic Inhibition of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> by Essential Oils and Antibiotics

Abstract

Recurrent infections after root canal treatments often involve Enterococcus faecalis, a microorganism closely associated with therapy failures due to its biofilm production, survival in nutrient-deprived conditions, and antibiotic tolerance. Essential oils (EOs), which display antimicrobial and antibacterial properties, exhibit inhibitory effects on the growth of many microorganisms including E. faecalis. This study assessed the in vitro efficacy of combining 5% antibiotics (kanamycin 2.5 mg/mL, streptomycin 2.5 mg/mL, gentamicin 1.5 mg/mL, and ampicillin 5 mg/mL) with cinnamon (1.25% to 5%) or clove (25% and 50%) EOs in inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis, using disk diffusion tests. Disks were treated with EOs-only, antibiotics-only, or EO–antibiotic combinations, placed on BEA agar plates, and incubated for 24 h, and the zones of inhibition were measured. Results showed that EOs (cinnamon and clove) and 5% antibiotics, by themselves, had robust growth inhibition of E. faecalis across all tested concentrations. Moreover, combining 5% aminoglycosides (kanamycin 2.5 mg/mL, streptomycin 2.5 mg/mL, and gentamicin 1.5 mg/mL) with 5% cinnamon EO produced significantly enhanced antimicrobial effect than the corresponding 10% antibiotic solution alone. These findings suggest that combining cinnamon EO with aminoglycoside antibiotics can achieve significant inhibition of E. faecalis at a lower concentration of antibiotics compared to using a higher dose of antibiotics alone. Further in vivo studies should determine the safety, efficacy, and treatment duration, with the potential to reduce antibiotic dosages and associated toxicity while preventing recurrent infections.

Keywords

• cinnamon
• clove
• essential oils
• <i>E. faecalis</i>
• antibiotics
• gentamycin