Adaptive Granulation-Based Convolutional Neural Networks With Single Pass Learning for Remote Sensing Image Classification

Abstract

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with the characteristics like spatial filtering, feed-forward mechanism, and back propagation-based learning are being widely used recently for remote sensing (RS) image classification. The fixed architecture of CNN with a large number of network parameters is managed by learning through a number of iterations, and, thereby increasing the computational burden. To deal with this issue, an adaptive granulation-based CNN (AGCNN) model is proposed in the present study. AGCNN works in the framework of fuzzy set theoretic data granulation and adaptive learning by upgrading the network architecture to accommodate the information of new samples, and avoids iterative training, unlike conventional CNN. Here, granulation is done both on the 2-D input image and its 1-D representative feature vector output, as obtained after a series of convolution and pooling layers. While the class-dependent fuzzy granulation on input image space exploits more domain knowledge for uncertainty modeling, rough set theoretic reducts computed on them select only the relevant features for input to CNN. During classification of unknown patterns, a new principle of roughness-minimization with weighted membership is adopted on overlapping granules to deal with the ambiguous cases. All these together improve the classification accuracy of AGCNN, while reducing the computational time significantly. The superiority of AGCNN over some state-of-the-art models in terms of different performance metrics is demonstrated for hyperspectral and multispectral images both quantitatively and visually.

Keywords

• Deep adaptive granulation
• fuzzy rough feature selection
• image classification
• pixel uncertainty
• remote sensing
• roughness measure