Dietary Exposure to Glutamates of 2- to 5-Year-Old Toddlers in China Using the Duplicate Diet Method
Yanjun Zhou,
Haixia Sui,
Yibaina Wang,
Ling Yong,
Lei Zhang,
Jiang Liang,
Jing Zhou,
Lili Xu,
Yanxu Zhong,
Jinyao Chen,
Yan Song
Affiliations
Yanjun Zhou
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
Haixia Sui
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
Yibaina Wang
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
Ling Yong
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
Lei Zhang
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
Jiang Liang
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
Jing Zhou
Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 200233, China
Lili Xu
Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, China
Yanxu Zhong
Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, China
Jinyao Chen
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
Yan Song
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
A duplicate diet collection method was used to estimate dietary exposure to glutamates in children aged 2–5 years in selected provinces of China. Daily duplicate diet samples were collected from 86 healthy toddlers over three consecutive days. Glutamates were analyzed using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–MS/MS (UHPLC–MS/MS). Results showed that the highest glutamates content was found in mixed meals, at 5.12 mg/kg, followed by powdered formula (3.89 mg/kg), and milk and dairy products (2.29 mg/kg). The total mean daily dietary exposure for subjects was 0.20 mg/kg BW, and P95 daily dietary exposure was 0.44 mg/kg BW, both below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (120 mg/kg BW) recommended by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the ADI (30 mg/kg BW) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Hence it can be considered that glutamates exposure would cause low risk in this group.
