The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2023)
Near-infrared and Optical Observations of Type Ic SN 2021krf: Luminous Late-time Emission and Dust Formation
- Aravind P. Ravi,
- Jeonghee Rho,
- Sangwook Park,
- Seong Hyun Park,
- Sung-Chul Yoon,
- T. R. Geballe,
- Jozsef Vinkó,
- Samaporn Tinyanont,
- K. Azalee Bostroem,
- Jamison Burke,
- Daichi Hiramatsu,
- D. Andrew Howell,
- Curtis McCully,
- Megan Newsome,
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez,
- Craig Pellegrino,
- Regis Cartier,
- Tyler Pritchard,
- Morten Andersen,
- Sergey Blinnikov,
- Yize Dong,
- Peter Blanchard,
- Charles D. Kilpatrick,
- Peter Hoeflich,
- Stefano Valenti,
- Alexei V. Filippenko,
- Nicholas B. Suntzeff,
- Ji Yeon Seok,
- R. Könyves-Tóth,
- Ryan J. Foley,
- Matthew R. Siebert,
- David O. Jones
Affiliations
- Aravind P. Ravi
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA ; [email protected]
- Jeonghee Rho
- ORCiD
- SETI Institute , 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Sangwook Park
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA ; [email protected]
- Seong Hyun Park
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Sung-Chul Yoon
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- T. R. Geballe
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory/NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 670 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- Jozsef Vinkó
- ORCiD
- CSFK Konkoly Observatory , Konkoly-Thege M. ut 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary; Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged , Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Institute of Physics, Pázmany Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Samaporn Tinyanont
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- K. Azalee Bostroem
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Jamison Burke
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Daichi Hiramatsu
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, MIT , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- D. Andrew Howell
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Curtis McCully
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Megan Newsome
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Craig Pellegrino
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9520, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Regis Cartier
- Gemini Observatory, NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
- Tyler Pritchard
- ORCiD
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University , 726 Broadway, NY, NY 11201, USA
- Morten Andersen
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory, NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Sergey Blinnikov
- ORCiD
- NRC Kurchatov Institute , Moscow, 123182; Sternberg Astronomical Institute (SAI) of Lomonosov, MSU , Moscow, 119234; Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA) , Moscow 127055, Russia
- Yize Dong
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Peter Blanchard
- ORCiD
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Avenue, 8th Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Charles D. Kilpatrick
- ORCiD
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Avenue, 8th Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Peter Hoeflich
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Florida State University , 77 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Stefano Valenti
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Alexei V. Filippenko
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Nicholas B. Suntzeff
- ORCiD
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Ji Yeon Seok
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon, 305-348, Republic of Korea
- R. Könyves-Tóth
- CSFK Konkoly Observatory , Konkoly-Thege M. ut 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Szeged , Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary
- Ryan J. Foley
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Matthew R. Siebert
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- David O. Jones
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory/NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 670 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accddc
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 950,
no. 1
p. 14
Abstract
We present near-infrared (NIR) and optical observations of the Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2021krf obtained between days 13 and 259 at several ground-based telescopes. The NIR spectrum at day 68 exhibits a rising K -band continuum flux density longward of ∼2.0 μ m, and a late-time optical spectrum at day 259 shows strong [O i ] 6300 and 6364 Å emission-line asymmetry, both indicating the presence of dust, likely formed in the SN ejecta. We estimate a carbon-grain dust mass of ∼2 × 10 ^−5 M _⊙ and a dust temperature of ∼900–1200 K associated with this rising continuum and suggest the dust has formed in SN ejecta. Utilizing the one-dimensional multigroup radiation-hydrodynamics code STELLA, we present two degenerate progenitor solutions for SN 2021krf, characterized by C–O star masses of 3.93 and 5.74 M _⊙ , but with the same best-fit ^56 Ni mass of 0.11 M _⊙ for early times (0–70 days). At late times (70–300 days), optical light curves of SN 2021krf decline substantially more slowly than those expected from ^56 Co radioactive decay. Lack of H and He lines in the late-time SN spectrum suggests the absence of significant interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium. We reproduce the entire bolometric light curve with a combination of radioactive decay and an additional powering source in the form of a central engine of a millisecond pulsar with a magnetic field smaller than that of a typical magnetar.
Keywords
