Hubble Constant Measurement from Three Large-separation Quasars Strongly Lensed by Galaxy Clusters

Abstract

Tension between cosmic microwave background–based and distance ladder–based determinations of the Hubble constant H _0 motivates the pursuit of independent methods that are not subject to the same systematic effects. A promising alternative, proposed by Refsdal in 1964, relies on the inverse scaling of H _0 with the delay between the arrival times of at least two images of a strongly lensed variable source such as a quasar. To date, Refsdal’s method has mostly been applied to quasars lensed by individual galaxies rather than by galaxy clusters. Using the three quasars strongly lensed by galaxy clusters (SDSS J1004+4112, SDSS J1029+2623, and SDSS J2222+2745) that have both multiband Hubble Space Telescope data and published time delay measurements, we derive H _0 , accounting for the systematic and statistical sources of uncertainty. While a single time delay measurement does not yield a well-constrained H _0 value, analyzing the systems together tightens the constraint. Combining the six time delays measured in the three cluster-lensed quasars gives H _0 = 74.1 ± 8.0 km s ^−1 Mpc ^−1 . To reach 1% uncertainty in H _0 , we estimate that a sample size of order of 620 time delay measurements of similar quality as those from SDSS J1004+4112, SDSS J1029+2623, and SDSS J2222+2745 would be needed. Improving the lens modeling uncertainties by a factor of two and a half may reduce the needed sample size to 100 time delays, potentially reachable in the next decade.

Keywords

• Gravitational lensing
• Cosmology
• Hubble constant
• Quasars
• Galaxy clusters