A few words on grapevine winter buds and pruning in consideration of sap flow

Abstract

One objective of pruning it to manage yield per vine (or per m2) and this is achieved by regulating the number of latent buds (i.e. buds which bear the primordia of inflorescences). For many year growers and wineries have been interested in what is currently called: gentle pruning, precision pruning, or pruning with respect to sap flow! But what is hiding behind these concepts?