Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
Emmanuel Arinaitwe
Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Multiple studies have reported a male bias in incidence and/or prevalence of malaria infection in males compared to females. To test the hypothesis that sex-based differences in host-parasite interactions affect the epidemiology of malaria, we intensively followed Plasmodium falciparum infections in a cohort in a malaria endemic area of eastern Uganda and estimated both force of infection (FOI) and rate of clearance using amplicon deep-sequencing. We found no evidence of differences in behavioral risk factors, incidence of malaria, or FOI by sex. In contrast, females cleared asymptomatic infections at a faster rate than males (hazard ratio [HR]=1.82, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.75 by clone and HR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.24 to 3.47 by infection event) in multivariate models adjusted for age, timing of infection onset, and parasite density. These findings implicate biological sex-based differences as an important factor in the host response to this globally important pathogen.
