Synthesis and In Vitro (Anticancer) Evaluation of η6-Arene Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Stannyl Ligands
Olivier Renier,
Connor Deacon-Price,
Joannes E. B. Peters,
Kunsulu Nurekeyeva,
Catherine Russon,
Simba Dyson,
Siyabonga Ngubane,
Judith Baumgartner,
Paul J. Dyson,
Tina Riedel,
Haleden Chiririwa,
Burgert Blom
Affiliations
Olivier Renier
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Connor Deacon-Price
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Joannes E. B. Peters
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Kunsulu Nurekeyeva
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Catherine Russon
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Simba Dyson
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Siyabonga Ngubane
Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Judith Baumgartner
Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
Paul J. Dyson
Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Tina Riedel
Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Haleden Chiririwa
Biosorption and Water Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Andries Potgieter Blvd, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
Burgert Blom
Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Humanities and Science, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Treatment of the known half-sandwich complexes of the type [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2(P(OR)3)] (R = Me or Ph) with SnCl2 yielded three new half-sandwich ruthenium complexes (C1–C3): [(η6-C6H6)RuCl(SnCl3)(P(OMe)3)] (C1), [(η6-C6H6)RuCl(SnCl3)(P(OPh)3)] (C2) and the bis-stannyl complex [(η6-C6H6)Ru(SnCl3)2(P(OMe)3)] (C3) by facile insertion of SnCl2 into the Ru–Cl bonds. Treatment of the known complexes [(η6-C6H6)RuCl(SnCl3)(PPh3)] and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2(PPh3)] with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DAMP) and ammonium tetrafluoroborate afforded the complex salts: [(η6-C6H6)Ru(SnCl3)(PPh3)(DAMP)]+BF4− (C4) and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl(PPh3)(DAMP)]+BF4− (C5) respectively. Complexes C1–C5 have been fully characterized by spectroscopic means (IR, UV–vis, multinuclear NMR, ESI–MS) and their thermal behaviour elucidated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Structural characterization by single crystal X-ray crystallography of the novel complex C2 and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2(P(OPh)3)], the latter having escaped elucidation by this method, is also reported. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the complexes was determined on the A2780 (human ovarian cancer), A2780cisR (human ovarian cis-platin-resistant cancer), and the HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cell lines and discussed, and an attempt is made to elucidate the effect of the stannyl ligand on cytotoxicity.
