Fruit derived silver nanoparticles synthesis for beginners – a review

Abstract

The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in pathogens like Salmonella Enterica (SE), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA), Staphyloccocus Aureus (SA), Escheria Coli (EC), and Klebsiella Pneumonia (KP), has led to a critical need for alternative treatments. This review introduces the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fruit extracts as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to address AMR. The mechanisms of AMR, overview of different AgNP synthesis methods, especially green synthesis using bioactive compounds from plant materials, characterization methods, synthesis factors (i.e. solvents, temperature, pH, and silver precursor concentrations), comparison of antimicrobial activities of fruit-derived AgNPs were discussed. Additionally, future research directions focus on developing scalable, cost-effective green synthesis processes, exploring the synergistic effects of AgNPs with antibiotics, and addressing the challenges of nanoparticle size control, stability, and potential cytotoxicity.

Keywords

• Methods
• antimicrobial
• mechanisms
• AMR
• green synthesis
• Salmonella Enterica