Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zijah Rifatbegović
Department of Abdominal Surgery, Clinic for Surgery, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mirsada Hukić
Center for Disease Control and Geohealth Studies, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sara Deumić
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Emina Pramenković
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Amir Selimagić
Department of Gastroenterohepatology, General Hospital “Prim. dr. Abdulah Nakas”, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ismet Gavrankapetanović
Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Monia Avdić
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Enteric viruses are commonly found obligate parasites in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These viruses usually follow a fecal-oral route of transmission and are characterized by their extraordinary stability as well as resistance in high-stress environments. Most of them cause similar symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In order to come in contract with mucosal surfaces, these viruses need to pass the three main lines of defense: mucus layer, innate immune defenses, and adaptive immune defenses. The following atypical gastrointestinal infections are discussed: SARS-CoV2, hantavirus, herpes simplex virus I, cytomegalovirus, and calicivirus. Dysbiosis represents any modification to the makeup of resident commensal communities from those found in healthy individuals and can cause a patient to become more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. The interaction between bacteria, viruses, and host physiology is still not completely understood. However, with growing research on viral infections, dysbiosis, and new methods of detection, we are getting closer to understanding the nature of these viruses, their typical and atypical characteristics, long-term effects, and mechanisms of action in different organ systems.
