Microorganisms (Sep 2021)
COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies
- Giuseppina Malcangi,
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo,
- Angelo Michele Inchingolo,
- Luigi Santacroce,
- Grazia Marinelli,
- Antonio Mancini,
- Luigi Vimercati,
- Maria Elena Maggiore,
- Maria Teresa D’Oria,
- Denisa Hazballa,
- Ioana Roxana Bordea,
- Edit Xhajanka,
- Antonio Scarano,
- Marco Farronato,
- Gianluca Martino Tartaglia,
- Delia Giovanniello,
- Ludovica Nucci,
- Rosario Serpico,
- Gilberto Sammartino,
- Loredana Capozzi,
- Antonio Parisi,
- Marina Di Domenico,
- Felice Lorusso,
- Maria Contaldo,
- Francesco Inchingolo,
- Gianna Dipalma
Affiliations
- Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Luigi Vimercati
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Maria Elena Maggiore
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Maria Teresa D’Oria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Denisa Hazballa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Edit Xhajanka
- Department of Dental Prosthesis, Medical University of Tirana, Rruga e Dibrës, U.M.T., 1001 Tirana, Albania
- Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Marco Farronato
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Delia Giovanniello
- Hospital A.O.S.G. Moscati, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Ludovica Nucci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Rosario Serpico
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Gilberto Sammartino
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Puglia e Della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy
- Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Puglia e Della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy
- Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091964
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 9,
no. 9
p. 1964
Abstract
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has involved a severe increase of cases worldwide in a wide range of populations. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate recent insights about COVID-19 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Methods: a literature overview was performed including clinical trials, in vitro studies, reviews and published guidelines regarding the present paper topic. A descriptive synthesis was performed to evaluate recent insights and the effectiveness of therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Results: Insufficient data are available regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and the clinical risk of spontaneous abortion and premature foetus death. A decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 could be correlated to a minor expression of ACE2 in childrens’ lungs. At present, a modulation of the dose-effect posology for children and infants is necessary. Conclusions: Pregnant vertical transmission has been hypothesised for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccines are necessary to achieve mass immunity for children and also pregnant subjects.
Keywords
