Astrocyte-specific IKK2 activation in mice is sufficient to induce neuroinflammation but does not increase susceptibility to MPTP

Abstract

A key regulator of inflammatory gene expression is the transcription factor NF-κB that is controlled by the IκB proteins. We used a transgenic mouse model expressing a constitutively active IκB-kinase-2 (IKK2-CA) in astrocytes under control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promotor (IKK2-mice) to investigate neuroinflammation, proinflammatory cytokine expression, microglial activation and a potential enhanced susceptibility to the neurotoxin MPTP (4×10 mg/kg). Readouts included the determination of cytokines, striatal dopamine (DA), nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons, microglial activation and motor activity.IKK2-CA expression in astrocytes conditionally induced by the tet-off system resulted in a widespread neuroinflammation indicated by the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and the presence of activated microglia and astrogliosis. Additionally, striatal DA concentrations but not nigral TH-positive neurons were reduced in IKK2-mice by 20%. Motor activity of IKK2-mice was not affected. Surprisingly, there was a similar reduction in striatal DA concentrations and the number of nigral TH-positive neurons in IKK2 and control mice after MPTP treatment.In conclusion, although naïve IKK2-mice showed reduced striatal DA concentrations and an increase in inflammatory markers in the brain, a higher susceptibility to MPTP was not observed. This finding argues against a prominent role of astrocyte specific, IKK2-mediated neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration.

Keywords

• Neuroinflammation
• IKK2
• NF-κB
• Astrocytes
• MPTP
• Parkinson's disease