Luteolin: A Phytochemical to Mitigate <i>S.</i> Typhimurium Flagellin-Induced Inflammation in a Chicken In Vitro Hepatic Model
Patrik Tráj,
Csilla Sebők,
Máté Mackei,
Ágnes Kemény,
Orsolya Farkas,
Ákos Kákonyi,
László Kovács,
Zsuzsanna Neogrády,
Ákos Jerzsele,
Gábor Mátis
Affiliations
Patrik Tráj
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Csilla Sebők
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Máté Mackei
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Ágnes Kemény
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
Orsolya Farkas
National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Ákos Kákonyi
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
László Kovács
Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Zsuzsanna Neogrády
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Ákos Jerzsele
National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
Gábor Mátis
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
The use of natural feed supplements is an alternative tool to diminish the damage caused by certain bacteria, improving animal health and productivity. The present research aimed to investigate the proinflammatory effect of flagellin released from the bacterial flagellum of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and to attenuate the induced inflammation with luteolin as a plant-derived flavonoid on a chicken primary hepatocyte–non-parenchymal cell co-culture. Cells were cultured in a medium supplemented with 250 ng/mL flagellin and 4 or 16 µg/mL luteolin for 24 h. Cellular metabolic activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, interleukin-6, 8, 10 (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), interferon-α, γ (IFN-α, IFN-γ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined. Flagellin significantly increased the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10, while it decreased the level of IL-10, indicating that the model served adequate to study inflammation in vitro. Luteolin treatment at 4 µg/mL did not prove to be cytotoxic, as reflected by metabolic activity and extracellular LDH activity, and significantly reduced the flagellin-triggered IL-8 release of the cultured cells. Further, it had a diminishing effect on the concentration of IFN-α, H2O2 and MDA and restored the level of IL-10 and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 when applied in combination with flagellin. These results suggest that luteolin at lower concentrations may protect hepatic cells from an excessive inflammatory response and act as an antioxidant to attenuate oxidative damage.