Associations between Internet Addiction, Psychiatric Comorbidity, and Maternal Depression and Anxiety in Clinically Referred Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Shoko Sakamoto,1,2 Dai Miyawaki,1 Ayako Goto,1 Kaoru Hirai,1,3 Hiroki Hama,1,2 Shin Kadono,1,2 Sayaka Nishiura,1,2 Koki Inoue1 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; 2Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; 3Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, JapanCorrespondence: Dai Miyawaki, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan, Tel [phone], Fax [phone], Email [email protected]: Internet addiction (IA) has become a global problem and is one of the most common reasons for children to be referred for intervention because IA results in social and educational dysfunction and conflict with parents. IA is associated with various comorbid psychiatric disorders, with notable association between IA and family factors. However, little is known about parental psychopathology. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of IA and association between IA and maternal depression and anxiety in clinical samples after adjusting for comorbidities.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2020 and August 2021 at the Department of Neuropsychiatry of Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital in Japan. A total of 218 clinically referred children and adolescents (aged 8 to 15 years) were assessed using the Internet Addiction Test, which is one of the most popular questionnaires to evaluate IA, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version. IA was defined as a total score on the Internet Addiction Test ≥ 50. Of those, for the evaluation of maternal depression and anxiety, the 132 mothers of the children who were referred after January 2021 completed K6 as well.Results: A total of 68 participants (31.2%) presented with IA and had higher total and externalizing scores of CBCL, social anxiety disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder compared to those without IA. IA was associated with the six-item Kessler scale scores of mothers, being raised by single parents, and anxiety disorders after adjusting for age, sex, and family income (95% CI: 1.023– 1.215).Conclusion: Maternal depression and anxiety may be one of the risk factors for children and adolescents to develop IA. Care for maternal depression and anxiety may contribute to intervention for children and adolescents with IA.Keywords: internet addiction, children, maternal depression, oppositional defiant disorder, social anxiety disorder

Keywords

• internet addiction
• children
• maternal depression
• oppositional defiant disorder
• social anxiety disorder