A Tensor Framework for Multi-Linear Complex MMSE Estimation

Abstract

Tensors are higher order generalization of vectors and matrices which can be used to describe signals indexed by more than two indices. This paper introduces a tensor framework for minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation for multi-domain signals and data using the Einstein Product. The framework addresses both proper and improper complex tensors. The multi-domain nature of tensors has been harnessed to provide an augmented representation of improper complex tensors to account for covariance and pseudo-covariance. The classical notions of linear and widely linear MMSE estimators are extended to tensor case leading to the notion of multi-linear and widely multi-linear MMSE estimation. The Tucker product based $n$-mode Wiener filtering approach more commonly used in tensor estimation has been shown to be a special case of the proposed multi-linear MMSE estimation. An application of the tensor based estimation in a multiple antenna Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) system is presented where the tensor formulation allows a convenient treatment of inter-carrier interference. A comparison between the tensor estimation and per sub-carrier estimation used for MIMO OFDM is presented which shows a significant performance advantage of using the tensor framework.

Keywords

• Einstein product
• multi-linear MMSE
• tensors
• tensor train format
• widely multi-linear MMSE