From the Challenge of the Must-Is Relationship in Philosophy to Identifying the Interference of Social Items in the Must and Is

Abstract

"Must" and "Is" and the relationship between them has always been the main subject in traditional and even modern philosophies. In the last century, this subject has gone from philosophy to sociology of science and has researched the collective and scientific life of researchers and scientists as a concrete subject. In these reflections, contrary to the philosophical view which mainly seeks the independence and purity of science from non−science and considers the idea of pure science in the world of ideas or in the mind’s scientists or in the realm of immutable and fix "entities", this eternal and fixed entities have given way to temporal, spatial, and social entities, and thus a different kind of relationship has emerged; A relationship that has led to different Must. This has led to a major shift in methodological considerations and philosophical and sociological analyzes of research topics, including methodology of science and standard epistemology. In this article, after mentioning a brief history of the relationship between these two categories in traditional philosophy, we try to point out the semantic changes and methods that have occurred in the relationship between them, especially in the sociology of science and knowledge in modern times.

Keywords

• must
• is
• philosophy
• sociology of science
• norm
• episteme