A Bidirectional Context Embedding Transformer for Automatic Speech Recognition

Abstract

Transformers have become popular in building end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. However, transformer ASR systems are usually trained to give output sequences in the left-to-right order, disregarding the right-to-left context. Currently, the existing transformer-based ASR systems that employ two decoders for bidirectional decoding are complex in terms of computation and optimization. The existing ASR transformer with a single decoder for bidirectional decoding requires extra methods (such as a self-mask) to resolve the problem of information leakage in the attention mechanism This paper explores different options for the development of a speech transformer that utilizes a single decoder equipped with bidirectional context embedding (BCE) for bidirectional decoding. The decoding direction, which is set up at the input level, enables the model to attend to different directional contexts without extra decoders and also alleviates any information leakage. The effectiveness of this method was verified with a bidirectional beam search method that generates bidirectional output sequences and determines the best hypothesis according to the output score. We achieved a word error rate (WER) of 7.65%/18.97% on the clean/other LibriSpeech test set, outperforming the left-to-right decoding style in our work by 3.17%/3.47%. The results are also close to, or better than, other state-of-the-art end-to-end models.

Keywords

• automatic speech recognition (ASR)
• speech transformer
• bidirectional decoder
• bidirectional embedding
• end-to-end model
• attention