Positive Effect of Cognitive Training in Older Adults with Different <i>APOE</i> Genotypes and COVID-19 History: A 1-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study
Yana Zorkina,
Timur Syunyakov,
Olga Abramova,
Alisa Andryushchenko,
Denis Andreuyk,
Evgeniya Abbazova,
Dmitry Goncharov,
Alisa Rakova,
Nika Andriushchenko,
Dmitry Gryadunov,
Anna Ikonnikova,
Elena Fedoseeva,
Marina Emelyanova,
Kristina Soloveva,
Konstantin Pavlov,
Olga Karpenko,
Victor Savilov,
Marat Kurmishev,
Olga Gurina,
Vladimir Chekhonin,
Georgy Kostyuk,
Anna Morozova
Affiliations
Yana Zorkina
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Timur Syunyakov
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Olga Abramova
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Alisa Andryushchenko
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Denis Andreuyk
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Evgeniya Abbazova
N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Gamaleya st. 18, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Dmitry Goncharov
N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Gamaleya st. 18, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Alisa Rakova
N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Gamaleya st. 18, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Nika Andriushchenko
Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
Dmitry Gryadunov
Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Anna Ikonnikova
Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Elena Fedoseeva
Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Marina Emelyanova
Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Kristina Soloveva
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Konstantin Pavlov
Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
Olga Karpenko
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Victor Savilov
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Marat Kurmishev
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Olga Gurina
Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
Vladimir Chekhonin
Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
Georgy Kostyuk
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
Anna Morozova
Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
(1) Background: Older people suffer from cognitive decline; several risk factors contribute to greater cognitive decline. We used acquired (COVID-19 infection) and non-modifiable (presence of APOE rs429358 and rs7412 polymorphisms) factors to study the progression of subjective cognitive impairment while observing patients for one year. Cognitive training was used as a protective factor. (2) Methods: Two groups of subjects over the age of 65 participated in the study: group with subjective cognitive decline receiving cognitive training and individuals who did not complain of cognitive decline without receiving cognitive training (comparison group). On the first visit, the concentration of antibodies to COVID-19 and APOE genotype was measured. At the first and last point (1 year later) the Mini-Mental State Examination scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were performed. (3) Results: COVID-19 infection did not affect cognitive function. A significant role of cognitive training in improving cognitive functions was revealed. Older adults with APOE-ε4 genotype showed no positive effect of cognitive training. (4) Conclusions: Future research should focus on cognitive dysfunction after COVID-19 in long-term follow-up. Attention to the factors discussed in our article, but not limited to them, are useful for a personalized approach to maintaining the cognitive health of older adults.
